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This digital document is an article from Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, published by Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. on January 1, 1996. The length of the article is 644 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the supplier: The Doomsday Clock that measures the danger of nuclear war moved closer to midnight at the end of 1995. Arms control is in jeopardy in both the US and Russia, and 40,000 nuclear weapons remain in global arsenals in spite of the end of the Cold War.

Citation Details
Title: On the scale.(Doomsday Clock moves closer to midnight)(Editorial)(Cover Story)
Author: Mike Moore
Publication:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (Refereed)
Date: January 1, 1996
Publisher: Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.
Volume: v52 Issue: n1 Page: p2(1)

Article Type: Editorial, Cover Story

Distributed by Thomson Gale.
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This digital document is a journal article from Landscape and Urban Planning, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Urban planning for optimal provision of recreational forests is not only concerned with how much space is needed, but equally with how this could be arranged in the landscape in order to make these forests accessible to many potential visitors. The present study sought to establish relationships between the spatial pattern of forest cover and these forests' accessibility - either on foot or by bike - for short walks. This question was approached in an experimental way using landscape structure metrics. A factor analysis identified the common axes of spatial pattern. The first five factors explained 82.2% of the variation of the original data set. The first factor is related to forested area and number of forest patches, the second is related to shape complexity. The third factor quantifies contiguity, and the fourth measures the clumpiness of forests. The fifth refers to variability in forest shape. Only the factors related to forested area, forest shape complexity and clumpiness, show a significant correlation with recreational provision. A higher forest coverage and more forests should thus lead to a higher provision for short walking trips. However, when a small afforestation budget is available, high shape complexity, low forest contiguity and a high landscape shape index (LSI) should take priority. Shape indices make the most important contribution to single out patterns that offer recreation possibilities to a high number of people. The findings show the potential of using landscape structure metrics for the modelling of forest recreational provision. .
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This digital document is a journal article from Landscape and Urban Planning, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Both riparian zone characteristics and watershed-wide landscape attributes affect the water quality of streams and rivers. Understanding the relative importance of these factors is significant for determining management and monitoring actions that adequately protect water quality and the ecological integrity of aquatic communities. In this study, we analyzed Geographic Information System-derived data to: (1) determine whether North Carolina benthic macroinvertebrate community structure is more closely correlated with landscape characteristics at the scale of riparian zones or entire watersheds; (2) understand which landscape attributes are correlated with aquatic invertebrate communities that reflect degraded stream conditions; (3) investigate whether the importance of streamside forest varies with watershed size. Watershed characteristics explained a greater amount of variability in macrobenthic community structure (69.5-75.4%) than riparian attributes (57.4-65.2%). While topographic complexity was the most important variable at all scales, different land cover characteristics were of secondary importance at both scales: developed land cover for watersheds, and forest cover at the riparian scale. The amount of riparian zone and watershed-wide forest cover accounted for more variability in small watersheds than in large watersheds. .
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This digital document is a journal article from Remote Sensing of Environment, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Many large countries, including Canada, rely on earth observation as a practical and cost-effective means of monitoring their vast inland ecosystems. A potentially efficient approach is one that detects vegetation changes over a hierarchy of spatial scales ranging from coarse to fine. This paper presents a Change Screening Analysis Technique (Change-SAT) designed as a coarse filter to identify the location and timing of large (>5-10 km^2) forest cover changes caused by anthropogenic and natural disturbances at an annual, continental scale. The method uses change metrics derived from 1-km multi-temporal SPOT VEGETATION and NOAA AVHRR imagery (reflectance, temperature, and texture information) and ancillary spatial variables (proximity to active fires, roads, and forest tenures) in combination with logistic regression and decision tree classifiers. Major forest changes of interest include wildfires, insect defoliation, forest harvesting, and flooding. Change-SAT was tested for 1998-2000 using an independent sample of change and no-change sites over Canada. Overall accuracy was 94% and commission error, especially critical for large-area change applications, was less than 1%. Regions identified as having major or widespread changes could be targeted for more detailed investigation and mapping using field visits, aerial survey, or fine resolution EO methods, such as those being applied under Canadian monitoring programs. This multi-resolution approach could be used as part of a forest monitoring system to report on carbon stocks and forest stewardship. .
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This digital document is a journal article from Land Use Policy, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Sustainability has become a central term in environmental planning and policy since the late 1980s. However, an understanding of landscapes in terms of sustainability is still poorly developed. The project Spatial Indices for Land Use Sustainability was conducted to elaborate spatially explicit indicators for mapping ecological sustainability. Ecological sustainability was defined in terms of naturalness and biodiversity. The concept of hemeroby, a measure for the naturalness or conversely the human influence on ecosystems, was used for the assessment of ecological sustainability. Because direct information on the hemerobiotic state of landscapes was missing, shortcuts were analysed. An interdisciplinary multi-scale approach was developed that combined remote sensing data and a landscape ecological field survey, using a landscape typology as spatial reference frame. Variables describing the configuration and shape of the land mosaic were derived form a land cover classification based on landform and landscape fragmentation data. Two different assessment approaches were compared, (a) an expert-knowledge based fuzzy-rule system, and (b) an assessment based on the deviation of a certain landscape type from the mean hemerobiotic state. The hemeroby model was formulated and applied using ordinal regression techniques. The project results support the 'pattern and process paradigm'. Variables describing landscape patterns turned out to be crucial for the model and were a good predictor for land-use intensity estimated by the hemerobiotic state. Based on each of the two approaches a 'sustainability map' of Austria's cultural landscapes was derived. Despite the methodological differences of the two approaches similarities in the results could be demonstrated. Landscape-structure indicators were shown to be good indicators of ecological sustainability because they are related to ecological characteristics of landscapes such as naturalness and biodiversity. .
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